Which medication used to treat congestive heart failure is associated with blue/yellow color vision defects?

• A. Digoxin
• B. Amiodarone
• C. Warfarin
• D. Clonidine

Answer: (A)

Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside used in treating congestive heart failure, is known for causing visual disturbances, especially color vision changes. One classic manifestation is xanthopsia, where vision appears yellow, and patients may report blue-yellow color defects, particularly when digoxin levels are high or during toxicity. This effect stems from digoxin’s impact on retinal cells and photoreceptor function via Na+/K+-ATPase inhibition.

Among the options, this is the medication most consistently linked to blue/yellow color vision defects. The other drugs listed do not produce this specific visual change (amiodarone can cause eye effects like corneal deposits or, less commonly, optic issues, but not the characteristic color-vision defect described).